Intro To Hardware And Software
- 1. ©2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin
- 2. Extended Learning Module A COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
- 3. STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES Define information technology (IT) and its two basic categories: Hardware and software Describe the categories of computers based on size Compare the roles of personal productivity, vertical market, and horizontal market software
- 4. STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES Describe the roles of operating system and utility software as components of system software Define the purpose of each of the six major categories of hardware
- 5. INTRODUCTION Information technology (IT) – any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization
- 6. Many Tools of IT
- 7. A QUICK TOUR OF TECHNOLOGY Hardware – the physical devices that make up a computer (often referred to as the computer system) Software – the set of instruction that your hardware executes to carry out a specific task for you
- 8. Six Categories of Hardware Input device – tool that you use to enter information and commands Output device – tool you use to hear, see, hear, or otherwise recognize the results of your information-processing requests Storage device – tool you use to store information for use at a later date
- 9. Six Categories of Hardware Central processing unit (CPU) – the hardware that interprets and executes software and coordinates all hardware Random access memory (RAM) – temporary holding area for information, as well as system and application software instructions
- 10. Six Categories of Hardware Telecommunications device – tool you use to send information to and receive it from another person or computer in a network Connecting hardware – any hardware that lets you connect peripherals to your computer, such as cables, ports, expansion boards, etc.
- 11. Six Categories of Hardware
- 12. Three Major Categories of Software Application software – enables you to solve specific problems or perform specific tasks
- 13. Three Major Categories of Software System software - handles tasks specific to technology management and coordinates the interaction of all technology devices Operating system software – controls application software and manages hardware devices
- 14. Three Major Categories of Software Utility software – provides additional functionality to your operating system software
- 15. CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS BY SIZE Personal digital assistant (PDA) – small hand-held computer for personal tasks like appointment scheduling and address book maintenance Tablet PC – pen-based computer with the functionality of a notebook or desktop
- 16. CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS BY SIZE Notebook computer – small, portable, fully functional, battery-powered computer Desktop computer – most popular type of personal computer
- 17. PDA, Tablet PC, Notebook, Desktop
- 18. Minicomputers, Mainframes, and Supercomputers Minicomputer (mid-range computer) – meets needs of several people simultaneously in a small or medium-sized business Mainframe computer – meets needs of hundreds of people in a large business Supercomputer – fastest, most powerful, and most expensive type of computer
- 19. Minicomputers, Mainframes, and Supercomputers
- 20. SOFTWARE – YOUR INTELLECTUAL INTERFACE Personal productivity software – helps you perform personal tasks Writing memos Creating graphs Creating slide presentations Software suite – several applications bundled together (usually productivity software)
- 21. Application Software Word processing – helps you create letters, memos, and other basic documents Spreadsheet – helps you work with numbers, perform calculations and create graphs
- 22. Application Software Presentation – helps you create and edit information that will appear in slides Desktop publishing – extends word processing by including design and formatting techniques to enhance the appearance of the document
- 23. Application Software Personal information management (PIM) – helps you create and maintain to-do lists, appointments, calendars, etc. Personal finance – helps you maintain your checkbook and handle other personal finance tasks
- 24. Application Software Web authoring – helps you design and develop Web sites Graphics – helps you create and edit photos and art Communications – helps you communicate with others
- 25. Application Software Database management system (DBMS) – helps you specify the logical organization for a database; access and use the information within a database
- 26. Vertical and Horizontal Market Software Vertical market software – application software for a specific industry Patient-scheduling software Restaurant management software Horizontal market software – application software suitable for use in many industries Payroll, inventory, and billing
- 27. System Software Operating system software Microsoft Windows XP Home – update of Office Microsoft Windows XP Pro – update of Office Pro Mac OS – Operating system for Macs Linux – powerful open-source operating system
- 28. Multitasking Multitasking – working with more than one application at a time
- 29. Utility Software Anti-virus software – detects and removes or quarantines computer viruses Crash-proof software – helps save information if your system crashes Uninstaller software – removes software from your hard disk Disk optimization software – organizes information on your hard disk
- 30. HARDWARE: YOUR PHYSICAL INTERFACE Representation of information Binary digit (bit) – smallest unit of information your computer can process Byte – eight bits or the number of bits it takes to represent one natural character ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) – coding system that personal computers use
- 33. Categories of Input Devices
- 34. Input Devices for Information and Commands Keyboards – most frequently input devices for notebooks and desktops to enter information and commands Stylus – most frequently used input devices for PDAs and tablet PCs to enter information and commands
- 35. Input Devices for Commands Pointing Device – used to input commands Mouse – device you use to click on icons and buttons Trackball – similar to a mechanical mouse, but with the ball on top
- 36. Input Devices for Commands Touchpad – dark rectangle you use to move the cursor with your finger Pointing stick – a little rod, used mostly on notebooks
- 37. Game Controllers Game controller – used for gaming to control screen action Gaming wheel – steering wheel and foot pedals for virtual driving
- 38. Game Controllers Joystick – controls action with a vertical handle and programmable buttons Gamepad – device with programmable buttons, thumb sticks, and a directional pad
- 39. Scanners Scanners – used to convert information that exists in visible form into electronic form Image scanner – captures images, photos, text, and artwork Bar code scanner – reads information in the form of vertical bars
- 40. Scanners Optical mark reader – detects the presence or absence of a mark Optical character reader – reads characters that appear on paper or sales tag (used in POS systems) Biometric scanner – scans a human physical attribute, like a fingerprint or iris, for security purposes
- 41. Digital Cameras Digital camera – captures still image or video as a series of 1s and 0s Digital still camera – digitally captures still images in varying resolutions Digital video camera – captures video digitally Webcam – captures digital video for the Web
- 42. Categories of Output Devices
- 43. Monitors
- 44. Monitors CRT – monitors that look like traditional TV sets Flat-panel display – thin, lightweight monitors that take up much less space than CRTs
- 45. Monitors Two types of flat-panel displays Liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor – sends electricity through crystallized liquid between layers of glass or plastic Gas plasma display – sends electricity through gas trapped between layers of glass or plastic
- 46. Important Considerations Viewable image size (VIS) – the size of the image on a monitor Resolution of a screen – the number of pixels it has Pixels (picture elements) – the dots that make up the image Dot pitch – the distance between the centers of two like-colored pixels
- 47. Printers
- 48. Printers Resolution of a printer – the number of dots per square inch (dpi) it produces Types Inkjet printer – makes images by forcing ink through nozzles Laser printer – forms images using the same electrostatic process that photocopiers use Multifunction printer – scan, copy, and fax, as well as print
- 49. Categories of Storage Devices
- 50. Capacity of Storage Devices Megabyte (MB or M or Meg) – about 1 million bytes Gigabyte (GB or Gig) – about 1 billion bytes Terabyte (TB) – about 1 trillion bytes
- 51. Magnetic Storage Devices and Media
- 52. Magnetic Storage Media Hard disk – magnetic storage with one or more thin metal platters sealed inside the drive Zip disk – high capacity (100 MB, 250 MB, and 750 MB) removable storage medium Floppy disk – removable storage medium that holds 1.44 MB
- 54. Optical (or Laser) Storage Media Optical storage media – plastic discs on which information is stored, deleted, and changed using laser technology Two types CDs DVDs
- 55. CDs CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) – information cannot be changed CD-R (compact disc – recordable) – write one time only CD-RW (compact disc – rewritable) – save, change, and delete files repeatedly
- 56. DVDs DVD-ROM – high capacity; information cannot be changed DVD-R or DVD+R (DVD – recordable) – high capacity; write one time only DVD-RW or DVD+R (depending on manufacturer) – save, change, delete repeatedly
- 57. Flash Memory Devices and Cards Flash memory device – very small storage device that plugs into USB port Flash memory card – high capacity storage laminated inside a small piece of plastic
- 58. Common Types of Flash Memory
- 59. Flash Memory Cards xD-Picture (xD) card – rectangular; smaller than a penny and about as thick with one curved side Secure Digital (SD) card and MultiMediaCard (MMC ) – look the same but SD has copy protection; are both larger and thicker than a quarter (but rectangular)
- 60. Flash Memory Cards CompactFlash (CF) card – almost square; larger than a half-dollar SmartMedia (SM) card – rectangular; longer than CF Memory Stick Media card – elongated card as wide as a penny developed by Sony
- 61. CPU and RAM
- 62. CPU and RAM CPU and RAM work together to form the brain of your computer CPU speed measured in gigahertz (GHz) GHz – number of billions of CPU cycles per second CPU (machine) cycle – retrieve, decode, and execute instruction, then return result to RAM if necessary
- 63. CPU Components CPU components Control unit – directs what happens in the CPU and the rest of your computer Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) – performs arithmetic, comparison, and logic operations CPU cache – CPU memory where instructions wait until they’re needed CPU clock – beats to keep instructions and information moving in synchronized fashion
- 64. System Bus System bus – electrical pathways that move information between motherboard components, especially between CPU and RAM
- 65. CPU and RAM at Work
- 66. CPU (Machine) Cycle Retrieve : The control unit sends to RAM for the instructions and information it needs Decode : CPU gets the instruction out of cache and examines it to see what to do Execute : Does what the instruction says to do Store : Sends the result of processing to be stored in RAM if necessary
- 67. Notebook CPUs and RAM Mobile CPU – type of CPU that changes speed, and therefore power consumption, in response to fluctuation in use RAM for notebooks comes in smaller modules than RAM for desktops
- 68. Categories of Connectors and Ports
- 69. Connecting Hardware Outside to the Hardware Inside Port – place on your system unit, monitor, or keyboard through which information and instructions flow to and from computer
- 70. Connecting Hardware Outside to the Hardware Inside Some ports work with plug-and-play and hot-swap ports and devices Plug and play – operating system feature that finds and installs the driver for the device Hot swap – operating system feature that allows you to plug or unplug a device while the computer is running
- 71. Ports USB (universal serial bus) port – fits small, flat, plug-and-play, hot-swap USB connectors Firewire port (IEEE1394 or I-Link) – fits hot-swap, plug-and-play Firewire connectors
- 72. Ports PS/2 port – fits PS/2 connectors (used for keyboards and mice) Parallel port – fits parallel large flat parallel connectors found on printers
- 73. Common Ports and Connectors
- 74. Wireless Connections Infrared IR or IrDA (infrared data association) – uses red light to send and receive information Bluetooth – transmits information as radio waves for a distance of 30 feet WiFi (wireless fidelity) or IEEE 802.11a, b, or g – transmits information as radio waves for a distance of up to 300 feet
- 75. Expansion Bus, Slots and Card
- 76. Expansion Cards and Slots Expansion card (board) – circuit board that you insert into the expansion slot and connect to a peripheral device Expansion slot – long skinny socket on the motherboard for expansion card Expansion bus – pathways along which information moves between devices (outside the motherboard) and the CPU
- 77. Expansion for Notebooks PC Card – expansion card for a notebook PC Card slot – opening on side or front of a notebook, into which you plug a PC Card
- 78. PC Card for a Notebook
- 79. CAN YOU… Define information technology (IT) and its two basic categories: Hardware and software Describe the categories of computers based on size Compare the roles of personal productivity, vertical market, and horizontal market software
- 80. CAN YOU… Describe the roles of operating system and utility software as components of system software Define the purpose of each of the six major categories of hardware
- 81. Extended Learning Module A End of Extended Learning Module A