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Building Science Report

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Kit' Here

The document discusses the lighting design for two spaces - a language collection space and another unspecified space - in a community library project in Medan Pasar, Indonesia. For the language collection space, it provides the floor plan, analyzes the daylighting conditions through light contours and calculations, and determines the artificial lighting needs through lumen method calculations. Round downlight LED fixtures meeting illumination and color requirements are proposed. A similar analysis is presented for the second space.

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Contents 1.0​ ​Introduction 1.1​ ​Design​ ​Statement 2.0​ ​Floor​ ​Plans 3.0​ ​Space​ ​A 3.1​ ​Lightning​ ​Contours 3.2​ ​Daylight​ ​Calculations 3.3​ ​Type​ ​of​ ​lamp​ ​Used 3.4​ ​Lumen​ ​Method​ ​Calculations 3.5​ ​Lightning​ ​Design​ ​proposal 4.0​ ​Space​ ​B 4.1​ ​Lightning​ ​Contours 4.2​ ​Daylight​ ​Calculations 4.3​ ​Type​ ​of​ ​lamp​ ​Used 4.4​ ​Lumen​ ​Method​ ​Calculations 4.5​ ​Lightning​ ​Design​ ​proposal 5.0​ ​References​ ​and​ ​Citations
1.0​ ​Introduction This​ ​project​ ​is​ ​an​ ​integration​ ​of​ ​lightning​ ​design​ ​with​ ​design​ ​studio​ ​project,​ ​a community​ ​library​ ​in​ ​Medan​ ​Pasar.​ ​It​ ​will​ ​encompass​ ​an​ ​artificial​ ​and​ ​daylighting systems​ ​which​ ​also​ ​includes​ ​the​ ​implementation​ ​of​ ​PSALI​ ​strategies.​ ​It​ ​aims​ ​to​ ​show the​ ​understanding​ ​of​ ​lightning​ ​being​ ​parts​ ​that​ ​enhances​ ​the​ ​spaces​ ​in​ ​library.​ ​The illuminance​ ​level​ ​of​ ​a​ ​library​ ​is​ ​studied​ ​and​ ​should​ ​be​ ​comfortable​ ​and​ ​suitable​ ​for the​ ​users​ ​when​ ​using​ ​different​ ​function​ ​of​ ​space.​ ​As​ ​a​ ​library​ ​functions​ ​throughout the​ ​day​ ​till​ ​night,​ ​the​ ​changes​ ​in​ ​the​ ​direction​ ​of​ ​the​ ​sun​ ​in​ ​the​ ​planning​ ​of​ ​correct lightning​ ​is​ ​crucial​ ​to​ ​ensure​ ​the​ ​efficiency​ ​of​ ​the​ ​library. 1.1​ ​Design​ ​Statement The​ ​concept​ ​of​ ​the​ ​library​ ​is​ ​to​ ​aim​ ​recreating​ ​the​ ​familiarity​ ​of​ ​the​ ​social​ ​community between​ ​the​ ​locals​ ​and​ ​foreigner​ ​through​ ​creating​ ​a​ ​3rd​ ​language​ ​library​ ​to encourage​ ​the​ ​interactions​ ​between​ ​them.​ ​The​ ​segregation​ ​of​ ​these​ ​community​ ​has resulted​ ​the​ ​form​ ​of​ ​pocket​ ​spaces​ ​in​ ​the​ ​square,​ ​the​ ​local​ ​community​ ​started​ ​to distance​ ​themselves​ ​from​ ​this​ ​square​ ​as​ ​it​ ​used​ ​by​ ​the​ ​foreigner​ ​most​ ​of​ ​the​ ​time. This​ ​library​ ​serves​ ​as​ ​a​ ​social​ ​platform​ ​to​ ​these​ ​diverse​ ​community​ ​and​ ​provides skills​ ​and​ ​reading​ ​space​ ​for​ ​them​ ​to​ ​interact.​ ​A​ ​the​ ​same​ ​time​ ​to​ ​understand​ ​each other​ ​culture​ ​through​ ​observe,​ ​understand​ ​and​ ​engage. Figure​ ​1.1.1​ ​Sun​ ​path​ ​over​ ​the​ ​site​ ​context​ ​for​ ​maximum​ ​daylight​ ​pass​ ​through​ ​the​ ​space.
Figure​ ​1.1.2​ ​Daylight​ ​during​ ​9a.m.​ ​Light​ ​penetrate​ ​through​ ​the​ ​east​ ​facade​ ​in​ ​the​ ​morning​ ​is​ ​being blocked​ ​by​ ​the​ ​high​ ​rise​ ​building​ ​behind​. Figure​ ​1.1.3​ ​Daylight​ ​during​ ​1p.m.​ ​Received​ ​most​ ​of​ ​the​ ​natural​ ​lights​ ​during​ ​the​ ​day. Figure​ ​1.1.4​ ​​ ​Daylight​ ​during​ ​6p.m.​ ​​ ​The​ ​evening​ ​sun​ ​now​ ​penetrates​ ​through​ ​the​ ​library​ ​from​ ​the front.​ ​This​ ​could​ ​be​ ​solved​ ​by​ ​having​ ​a​ ​perforated​ ​aluminium​ ​facade​ ​so​ ​that​ ​the​ ​space​ ​can​ ​be convertible.
3.0​ ​Space​ ​A​ ​:​ ​Language​ ​Collection​ ​(Daylightning) The​ ​language​ ​collection​ ​is​ ​located​ ​on​ ​the​ ​first​ ​floor​ ​which​ ​is​ ​facing​ ​to​ ​the​ ​west​ ​side. During​ ​daytime,​ ​the​ ​natural​ ​light​ ​enters​ ​the​ ​space​ ​through​ ​the​ ​large​ ​curtain​ ​wall​ ​but there​ ​is​ ​not​ ​much​ ​light​ ​coming​ ​from​ ​the​ ​east​ ​side​ ​since​ ​is​ ​being​ ​blocked​ ​by​ ​the​ ​high rise​ ​behind.​ ​Illuminance​ ​condition​ ​is​ ​fairly​ ​suitable​ ​for​ ​viewing​ ​and​ ​reading​ ​but​ ​some shading​ ​device​ ​need​ ​to​ ​be​ ​added​ ​for​ ​better​ ​thermal​ ​comfort. First​ ​Floor​ ​Plan
3.1​ ​Light​ ​contours Figure​ ​3.1.1​ ​Daylight​ ​contours​ ​of​ ​the​ ​language​ ​collection The​ ​light​ ​contour​ ​diagrams​ ​show​ ​daylight​ ​entering​ ​the​ ​main​ ​collection​ ​area​ ​from​ ​the exposed​ ​facade​ ​and​ ​it​ ​gradually​ ​lowers​ ​as​ ​it​ ​reaches​ ​towards​ ​the​ ​back​ ​end​ ​of​ ​space. However,​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​facing​ ​the​ ​west​ ​side​ ​the​ ​interior​ ​space​ ​will​ ​received​ ​lesser daylight​ ​during​ ​the​ ​morning.​ ​Therefore,​ ​supplementary​ ​artificial​ ​lighting​ ​should​ ​be implemented​ ​to​ ​ensure​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​well​ ​illuminated​ ​throughout​ ​the​ ​day. Figure​ ​3.1.2​ ​Section​ ​of​ ​the​ ​space
3.2​ ​Daylight​ ​Calculation Daylight​ ​Factor​ ​is​ ​defined​ ​as​ ​the​ ​ratio​ ​that​ ​represents​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​illumination available​ ​indoors​ ​relative​ ​to​ ​the​ ​illumination​ ​present​ ​outdoors​ ​at​ ​the​ ​same​ ​time​ ​under overcast​ ​sky.​ ​Below​ ​is​ ​the​ ​formula​ ​shown​ ​: Daylight​ ​Factor.​ ​DF​ ​=​​ ​ ​ ​x​ ​​100% Ei Eo where,​ ​Ei​ ​=​ ​Indoor​ ​illuminance ​ ​​ ​Eo​ ​=​ ​Outdoor​ ​illuminance Average​ ​Daylight​ ​Factor​ ​is​ ​calculated​ ​using​ ​the​ ​formula​ ​shown​ ​below: Average​ ​DF​ ​= x​ ​A W Tθ (1−R) where,​ ​W​ ​is​ ​the​ ​area​ ​of​ ​the​ ​window​ ​(​m²) ​ ​​ ​A​ ​is​ ​the​ ​total​ ​area​ ​of​ ​the​ ​internal​ ​surface​ ​(m²) ​ ​​ ​T​ ​is​ ​the​ ​glass​ ​transmittance​ ​corrected​ ​for​ ​dirt ​ ​​ ​​Θ​ ​is​ ​visible​ ​sky​ ​angle​ ​in​ ​degrees​ ​from​ ​the​ ​centre​ ​of​ ​the​ ​window ​ ​​ ​R​ ​is​ ​the​ ​average​ ​reflectance​ ​of​ ​area​ ​A Zone DF​ ​% Distribution Very​ ​bright ​ ​More​ ​than​ ​6 Large​ ​(involved​ ​thermal and​ ​glare​ ​problem Bright 3-6 Good Average 1-3 Fair Dark 0-1 Poor
Space​ ​A​ ​:​ ​Daylight​ ​calculation (Assuming​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​rectangle​ ​for​ ​calculation) Area​ ​of​ ​window​ ​=​ ​6​ ​*​ ​3.5 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​21​ ​m² Total​ ​area​ ​of​ ​internal​ ​surfaces​ ​=​ ​2(10*8.5)​ ​+​ ​2​ ​(10​ ​*​ ​3.5)​ ​+​ ​2​ ​(8.5*​ ​3.5) ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​170​ ​+​ ​70​ ​+​ ​59.5 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​299.5​ ​m² Glass​ ​transmittance​ ​=​ ​0.6​ ​(double​ ​glazed) Reflectance​ ​of​ ​surfaces​ ​=​ ​0.5 Visible​ ​sky​ ​angle​ ​in​ ​degrees​ ​from​ ​the​ ​centre​ ​of​ ​the​ ​window,​ ​​θ​ ​=​ ​60​° Average​ ​daylight​ ​factor,​ ​DF​ ​=​ ​ x​ ​A W Tθ (1−R) =​ ​ x​ ​21 299.5 0.6(60) (1−0.5) =​ ​5.04​ ​% Daylight​ ​Factor​ ​(DF)​ ​=​ ​ ​ ​x​ ​​100% Ei Eo 5.04​ ​=​ ​ ​ ​x​ ​​100% Ei 20000 Ei​ ​=​ ​1008​ ​lux The​ ​selected​ ​space​ ​has​ ​a​ ​daylight​ ​factor​ ​of​ ​5.04%​ ​which​ ​is​ ​considered​ ​good​ ​and bright​ ​daylight​ ​distributions​ ​of​ ​light​ ​due​ ​to​ ​the​ ​curtain​ ​walls​ ​that​ ​facing​ ​towards​ ​the front​ ​facade​ ​that​ ​provide​ ​natural​ ​light​ ​penetrates​ ​the​ ​interior​ ​for​ ​better​ ​reading comfort.
3.3​ ​Type​ ​of​ ​lamp​ ​to​ ​be​ ​used Round​ ​Downlight​ ​Lightning​ ​fixtures Downlight​ ​is​ ​the​ ​most​ ​versatile​ ​sources​ ​of​ ​light​ ​for​ ​residential​ ​and​ ​commercial buildings,​ ​it​ ​offer​ ​a​ ​layer​ ​of​ ​general​ ​lightning​ ​that​ ​seamlessly​ ​blends​ ​into​ ​any​ ​space. Advantages 1.​ ​Illumination​ ​only,​ ​no​ ​fixtures​ ​visible Downlight​ ​has​ ​the​ ​ability​ ​to​ ​hide​ ​or​ ​shrink​ ​into​ ​the​ ​ceiling​ ​is​ ​its​ ​strongest​ ​point.​ ​It​ ​give off​ ​a​ ​soft​ ​subtle​ ​glow,​ ​which​ ​blurs​ ​the​ ​boundaries​ ​of​ ​the​ ​room​ ​and​ ​the​ ​space​ ​appears larger. 2.​ ​Versatile​ ​and​ ​Efficient Work​ ​more​ ​efficiently​ ​without​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​obtrusive​ ​light​ ​fixtures.​ ​Provide​ ​dimming effects​ ​that​ ​are​ ​easy​ ​to​ ​control. 3.​ ​Accent Create​ ​a​ ​soft​ ​glow​ ​coming​ ​out​ ​from​ ​the​ ​sides​ ​of​ ​objects,​ ​causing​ ​the​ ​object​ ​to​ ​draw your​ ​eye​ ​to​ ​it​ ​naturally.​ ​It​ ​can​ ​be​ ​adjusted​ ​to​ ​provide​ ​either​ ​pleasant​ ​ambient​ ​lightning or​ ​accent​ ​as​ ​circumstances​ ​require. Disadvantages 1.​ ​High​ ​cost The​ ​cost​ ​of​ ​bulbs​ ​and​ ​installation​ ​of​ ​downlight​ ​may​ ​be​ ​more​ ​expensive​ ​than​ ​a traditional​ ​light​ ​fixtures.​ ​Also,​ ​it​ ​need​ ​many​ ​of​ ​them​ ​to​ ​cover​ ​a​ ​room. 2.​ ​Safety An​ ​Insulation​ ​Contact​ ​(IC)​ ​rated​ ​light​ ​will​ ​not​ ​be​ ​safety​ ​risk​ ​but​ ​light​ ​that​ ​are​ ​not​ ​IC rated​ ​may​ ​create​ ​heat,​ ​which​ ​can​ ​leads​ ​to​ ​fires.
3.4​ ​Lumen​ ​Method​ ​Calculations (Assuming​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​rectangle​ ​for​ ​calculation) The​ ​sun​ ​shines​ ​in​ ​the​ ​morning​ ​from​ ​the​ ​east​ ​will​ ​be​ ​positioned​ ​behind​ ​the​ ​building. The​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​natural​ ​light​ ​passes​ ​through​ ​the​ ​space​ ​would​ ​be​ ​inadequate​ ​enough to​ ​do​ ​any​ ​activities.​ ​Hence,​ ​LED​ ​downlight​ ​are​ ​needed​ ​to​ ​brighten​ ​up​ ​the​ ​language collection. Type​ ​of​ ​fixtures LED​ ​Round​ ​Downlight Image​ ​of​ ​fixtures Product​ ​Dimension 215mm Type​ ​of​ ​Luminous Warm​ ​White Luminous​ ​flux​ ​(lm) 2000 Power​ ​(W) 29 Colour​ ​Temperature​ ​(K) 3000 Colour​ ​Rendering​ ​Index 97 Average​ ​life​ ​rate​ ​(hours) 50000
Dimension​ ​of​ ​room​ ​(m) L=​ ​10m W=8.5m Total​ ​Floor​ ​Area​ ​(m²) 85 Height​ ​of​ ​Ceiling​ ​(m) 3.5 Type​ ​of​ ​Luminaries LED​ ​round​ ​downlight Luminous​ ​Flux​ ​of​ ​lightning​ ​(lm),​ ​F 2000 Height​ ​of​ ​Lumiere(m) 3.0 Height​ ​of​ ​Workplane(m) 0.65 Mounting​ ​Height,​ ​Hm​ ​(m) 3.0​ ​-​ ​0.65​ ​=​ ​2.35 Reflectance​ ​Factor Ceiling​ ​(Concrete)​ ​0.7 Wall​ ​(White​ ​painted​ ​wall)​ ​0.5 Floor​ ​(Hardwood)​ ​0.1 Room​ ​Index,​ ​​ ​RI​ ​(K) L x W Hm x (L+W) =​ ​ 10 x 8.5 2.35 x (10+8.5) =​​ ​ 85 43.475 =​ ​1.955​ ​K Utilization​ ​Factor,​ ​UF 0.59​ ​(Based​ ​on​ ​UF​ ​table) Maintenance​ ​Factor,​ ​MF 0.8​ ​(standard) Number​ ​of​ ​fittings​ ​required,​ ​N N​ ​= E x A F x UF x MF N​ ​= 400 x 85 2000 x 0.59 x 0.8 ​ ​​ ​​​ ​=​ ​ 944 34000 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​36.01 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​36​ ​lamps Lightning​ ​layout​ ​and​ ​spacing Smax​ ​=​ ​1.0​ ​x​ ​Hm 1.0​ ​x​ ​Hm =​ ​1.0​ ​x​ ​2.35 =​ ​2.35​ ​m
3.5​ ​Lightning​ ​Design​ ​Proposal Figure​ ​3.5.1​ ​Reflected​ ​Ceiling​ ​Plan​ ​of​ ​Language​ ​Collection Based​ ​on​ ​the​ ​Lumen​ ​Method​ ​calculation​ ​for​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​fittings​ ​required​ ​(36 lamps)​ ​and​ ​the​ ​lightning​ ​spacing​ ​(max​ ​2.35m​ ​apart)​ ​determined,​ ​the​ ​fitting​ ​layout​ ​is shown​ ​through​ ​the​ ​reflected​ ​ceiling​ ​plan​ ​above.​ ​36​ ​lamps​ ​are​ ​placed​ ​in​ ​6​ ​rows​ ​of fittings​ ​each.​ ​The​ ​diagrams​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​spacing​ ​between​ ​each​ ​lamp​ ​both​ ​horizontally and​ ​vertically,​ ​which​ ​does​ ​not​ ​exceed​ ​the​ ​spacing​ ​of​ ​2.35m.​ ​The​ ​light​ ​fittings​ ​are controlled​ ​by​ ​3​ ​switch,​ ​where​ ​each​ ​switch​ ​controlling​ ​2​ ​rows​ ​of​ ​light​ ​to​ ​fulfilled​ ​PSALI scheme. Figure​ ​3.5.2​ ​Artificial​ ​Light​ ​Contour​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Language​ ​Collection
Psali​ ​Scheme The​ ​language​ ​corner,​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​well​ ​illuminated​ ​by​ ​daylight.​ ​However,​ ​daylight​ ​in the​ ​space​ ​will​ ​gradually​ ​reduce​ ​as​ ​the​ ​day​ ​progresses,​ ​where​ ​the​ ​sun​ ​moves​ ​and​ ​so PSALI​ ​is​ ​implemented​ ​here​ ​to​ ​ensure​ ​constant​ ​sufficient​ ​illumination​ ​of​ ​space. During​ ​the​ ​brightest​ ​portions​ ​of​ ​the​ ​day​ ​(when​ ​daylight​ ​factor​ ​is​ ​high),​ ​only​ ​row​ ​1​ ​&​ ​2 needs​ ​to​ ​be​ ​on​ ​where​ ​the​ ​inner​ ​part​ ​of​ ​space​ ​does​ ​not​ ​received​ ​sufficient​ ​daylight. When​ ​the​ ​daylight​ ​level​ ​drops​ ​(lower​ ​daylight​ ​factor),​ ​row​ ​3​ ​&​ ​6​ ​can​ ​be​ ​turned​ ​on. Only​ ​at​ ​night​ ​or​ ​very​ ​dark​ ​days,​ ​it​ ​will​ ​be​ ​necessary​ ​to​ ​on​ ​all​ ​switches​ ​as​ ​the language​ ​collection​ ​is​ ​solely​ ​dependent​ ​on​ ​artificial​ ​lightning​ ​for​ ​illumination. Figure​ ​3.5.3​ ​Psali​ ​strategy Figure​ ​3.5.4​ ​When​ ​row​ ​1​ ​and​ ​2​ ​is​ ​on​ ​during​ ​afternoon
4.0​ ​Space​ ​B​ ​Classroom​ ​(Artificial​ ​Lightning) The​ ​classroom​ ​is​ ​located​ ​on​ ​the​ ​second​ ​floor,​ ​where​ ​its​ ​space​ ​faces​ ​back​ ​alley​ ​on the​ ​East​ ​which​ ​the​ ​sunlight​ ​is​ ​being​ ​blocked​ ​by​ ​the​ ​high​ ​rise.​ ​The​ ​space​ ​is​ ​made​ ​of curtain​ ​walls​ ​on​ ​the​ ​east​ ​side​ ​and​ ​have​ ​a​ ​window​ ​on​ ​the​ ​opposite.​ ​On​ ​the​ ​west​ ​side of​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​an​ ​atrium​ ​which​ ​brings​ ​light​ ​into​ ​the​ ​space. Second​ ​Floor​ ​Plan
4.1​ ​Light​ ​Contours Figure​ ​4.1.1​ ​Daylight​ ​contour​ ​of​ ​classroom Figure​ ​4.1.2​ ​Section​ ​of​ ​the​ ​space
4.2​ ​Daylight​ ​Calculations Space​ ​B (Assuming​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​rectangle​ ​for​ ​calculation) Area​ ​of​ ​window​ ​=​ ​2​ ​*​ ​1.5​ ​+​ ​7.4​ ​*​ ​3.5 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​​ ​28.9​ ​m² Total​ ​area​ ​of​ ​internal​ ​surfaces​ ​=​ ​2(7.5​ ​*​ ​4.5)​ ​+​ ​2​ ​(4.5​ ​*​ ​3.5)​ ​+​ ​2​ ​(7.5*​ ​3.5) ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​67.5​ ​+​ ​31.5​ ​+​ ​52.5 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​151.5​ ​m² Glass​ ​transmittance​ ​=​ ​0.6​ ​(double​ ​glazed) Reflectance​ ​of​ ​surfaces​ ​=​ ​0.5 Visible​ ​sky​ ​angle​ ​in​ ​degrees​ ​from​ ​the​ ​centre​ ​of​ ​the​ ​window,​ ​​θ​ ​=​ ​18​° Average​ ​daylight​ ​factor,​ ​DF​ ​=​ ​ x​ ​A W Tθ (1−R) =​ ​ x​ ​28.9 151.5 0.6(18) (1−0.5) =​ ​4.12​ ​% Daylight​ ​Factor​ ​(DF)​ ​=​ ​ ​ ​x​ ​​100% Ei Eo 4.12​ ​=​ ​ ​ ​x​ ​​100% Ei 20000 Ei​ ​=​ ​824​ ​lux The​ ​selected​ ​space​ ​has​ ​a​ ​daylight​ ​factor​ ​of​ ​4.12%​ ​which​ ​is​ ​considered​ ​good​ ​and bright​ ​daylight​ ​distributions​ ​of​ ​light​ ​due​ ​to​ ​the​ ​high​ ​rise​ ​behind​ ​has​ ​block​ ​the​ ​direct sunlight​ ​and​ ​the​ ​atrium​ ​allow​ ​indirectly​ ​sunlight​ ​which​ ​subtly​ ​bounces​ ​into​ ​the​ ​space to​ ​reduce​ ​glare​ ​that​ ​would​ ​cause​ ​discomfort.
4.3​ ​Type​ ​of​ ​lamp​ ​used Suspended​ ​Direct​ ​-​ ​Indirect​ ​Fluorescent​ ​Luminaire Advantages 1.​ ​Light​ ​distributes​ ​nearly​ ​equal​ ​up​ ​and​ ​down 2.​ ​Soft​ ​ambient​ ​backlight​ ​can​ ​balance​ ​fixtures​ ​brightness 3.​ ​Heat​ ​radiations​ ​are​ ​negligible 4.​ ​Long​ ​life​ ​of​ ​tubes Disadvantages 1.​ ​​The​ ​flicker​ ​of​ ​the​ ​high​ ​frequency​ ​can​ ​be​ ​imitated​ ​to​ ​humans 2.​ ​Poorly​ ​designed​ ​ballasts​ ​can​ ​create​ ​radio​ ​interference​ ​that​ ​disturbs​ ​other electronics
4.4​ ​Lumen​ ​Method​ ​Calculations (Assuming​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​rectangle​ ​for​ ​calculation) The​ ​sun​ ​shines​ ​in​ ​the​ ​morning​ ​from​ ​the​ ​east​ ​being​ ​blocked​ ​by​ ​the​ ​building.​ ​The amount​ ​of​ ​natural​ ​light​ ​passes​ ​through​ ​the​ ​space​ ​from​ ​the​ ​atrium​ ​would​ ​be inadequate​ ​to​ ​do​ ​any​ ​activities.​ ​Hence,​ ​fluorescent​ ​lights​ ​are​ ​sufficient​ ​to​ ​brighten​ ​up the​ ​small​ ​classroom Type​ ​of​ ​fixtures Suspended​ ​Direct-​ ​Indirect​ ​Fluorescent Luminaire Image​ ​of​ ​fixtures Product​ ​Dimension 150mm​ ​x​ ​1500mm Type​ ​of​ ​Luminous Cool​ ​White Luminous​ ​flux​ ​(lm) 5000 Power​ ​(W) 36 Colour​ ​Temperature​ ​(K) 6000 Colour​ ​Rendering​ ​Index 82 Average​ ​life​ ​rate​ ​(hours) 70000
Dimension​ ​of​ ​room​ ​(m) L=​ ​7.5m W=4.2m Total​ ​Floor​ ​Area​ ​(m²) 31.5 Height​ ​of​ ​Ceiling​ ​(m) 3.5 Type​ ​of​ ​Luminaries Suspended​ ​Linear​ ​Fluorescent Luminous​ ​Flux​ ​of​ ​lightning​ ​(lm),​ ​F 5000 Height​ ​of​ ​Lumiere(m) 3.2 Height​ ​of​ ​Workplane(m) 0.8 Mounting​ ​Height,​ ​Hm​ ​(m) 3.2-0.8​ ​=​ ​2.4 Reflectance​ ​Factor Ceiling​ ​(Concrete)​ ​0.7 Wall​ ​(White​ ​painted​ ​wall)​ ​0.5 Floor​ ​(Hardwood)​ ​0.1 Room​ ​Index,​ ​​ ​RI​ ​(K) L x W Hm x (L+W) =​ ​ 7.5 x 4.2 2.4 x (7.5+4.2) =​​ ​ 31.5 28.08 =​ ​1.122​ ​K Utilization​ ​Factor,​ ​UF 0.51​ ​(Based​ ​on​ ​UF​ ​table) Maintenance​ ​Factor,​ ​MF 0.8​ ​(standard) Number​ ​of​ ​fittings​ ​required,​ ​N N​ ​= E x A F x UF x MF N​ ​= 400 x 31.5 5000 x 0.51 x 0.8 ​ ​​ ​​​ ​=​ ​ 2040 126000 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​6.176 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​6​ ​lamps Lightning​ ​layout​ ​and​ ​spacing Smax​ ​=​ ​1.0​ ​x​ ​Hm 1.5​ ​x​ ​Hm =​ ​1.5​ ​x​ ​2.4 =​ ​3.6​ ​m
4.5​ ​Light​ ​Design​ ​Proposal Figure​ ​4.4.1​ ​Reflected​ ​ceiling​ ​of​ ​classroom Based​ ​on​ ​the​ ​Lumen​ ​Method​ ​calculation​ ​for​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​fittings​ ​required​ ​(9​ ​lamps) and​ ​the​ ​lightning​ ​spacing​ ​(max​ ​3.6m​ ​apart)​ ​determined,​ ​the​ ​fitting​ ​layout​ ​is​ ​shown through​ ​the​ ​reflected​ ​ceiling​ ​plan​ ​above.​ ​6​ ​lamps​ ​are​ ​placed​ ​in​ ​2​ ​rows​ ​of​ ​3​ ​fittings each.​ ​The​ ​diagrams​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​spacing​ ​between​ ​each​ ​lamp​ ​both​ ​horizontally​ ​and vertically,​ ​which​ ​does​ ​not​ ​exceed​ ​the​ ​spacing​ ​of​ ​3.6m​ ​also​ ​bearing​ ​that​ ​the​ ​length fixtures​ ​is​ ​1.5m​ ​long.​ ​The​ ​light​ ​fittings​ ​are​ ​controlled​ ​by​ ​2​ ​switch,​ ​where​ ​each​ ​switch controlling​ ​1​ ​rows​ ​of​ ​light.​ ​All​ ​switches​ ​are​ ​turned​ ​on​ ​where​ ​illumination​ ​is​ ​necessary. Figure​ ​4.4.2​ ​Artificial​ ​light​ ​contour​ ​of​ ​classrooms Proper​ ​layout​ ​is​ ​determined​ ​through​ ​lumen​ ​method​ ​calculation,​ ​where​ ​the​ ​fixture’s positions​ ​are​ ​determined.​ ​The​ ​result​ ​of​ ​the​ ​entire​ ​space​ ​need​ ​to​ ​well​ ​illuminated​ ​with the​ ​presence​ ​of​ ​artificial​ ​lightning.​ ​The​ ​PSALI​ ​scheme​ ​here​ ​is​ ​to​ ​light​ ​on​ ​either​ ​the inner​ ​row​ ​where​ ​does​ ​not​ ​received​ ​natural​ ​light​ ​most​ ​of​ ​the​ ​time​ ​or​ ​both​ ​during​ ​the dark.
5.0​ ​References Materials​ ​-​ ​Light​ ​Reflecting​ ​Factors.​ ​(n.d.).​ ​Retrieved​ ​December​ ​9,​ ​2017,​ ​from https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-material-reflecting-factor-d_1842.html W.​ ​L.​ ​(2017,​ ​March​ ​3).​ ​This​ ​Ceiling​ ​Light​ ​Is​ ​Sleek​ ​and​ ​Hidden,​ ​But​ ​It's​ ​Far​ ​From​ ​Perfect. Retrieved​ ​December​ ​10,​ ​2017,​ ​from https://www.thespruce.com/recessed-lighting-pros-and-cons-1821552 Agarwal,​ ​T.​ ​(2016,​ ​August​ ​02).​ ​Fluorescent​ ​Light​ ​Tubes​ ​Advantages​ ​and​ ​Disadvantage. Retrieved​ ​December​ ​10,​ ​2017,​ ​from http://www.efxkits.com/blog/smart-fluorescent-antenna-for-wi-fi-applications/ Philips​ ​Lighting.​ ​(n.d.).​ ​Retrieved​ ​December​ ​10,​ ​2017,​ ​from http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires/suspended/trueline-suspended/9 10504112903_EU/product

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Building Science Report

  • 1. Contents 1.0​ ​Introduction 1.1​ ​Design​ ​Statement 2.0​ ​Floor​ ​Plans 3.0​ ​Space​ ​A 3.1​ ​Lightning​ ​Contours 3.2​ ​Daylight​ ​Calculations 3.3​ ​Type​ ​of​ ​lamp​ ​Used 3.4​ ​Lumen​ ​Method​ ​Calculations 3.5​ ​Lightning​ ​Design​ ​proposal 4.0​ ​Space​ ​B 4.1​ ​Lightning​ ​Contours 4.2​ ​Daylight​ ​Calculations 4.3​ ​Type​ ​of​ ​lamp​ ​Used 4.4​ ​Lumen​ ​Method​ ​Calculations 4.5​ ​Lightning​ ​Design​ ​proposal 5.0​ ​References​ ​and​ ​Citations
  • 2. 1.0​ ​Introduction This​ ​project​ ​is​ ​an​ ​integration​ ​of​ ​lightning​ ​design​ ​with​ ​design​ ​studio​ ​project,​ ​a community​ ​library​ ​in​ ​Medan​ ​Pasar.​ ​It​ ​will​ ​encompass​ ​an​ ​artificial​ ​and​ ​daylighting systems​ ​which​ ​also​ ​includes​ ​the​ ​implementation​ ​of​ ​PSALI​ ​strategies.​ ​It​ ​aims​ ​to​ ​show the​ ​understanding​ ​of​ ​lightning​ ​being​ ​parts​ ​that​ ​enhances​ ​the​ ​spaces​ ​in​ ​library.​ ​The illuminance​ ​level​ ​of​ ​a​ ​library​ ​is​ ​studied​ ​and​ ​should​ ​be​ ​comfortable​ ​and​ ​suitable​ ​for the​ ​users​ ​when​ ​using​ ​different​ ​function​ ​of​ ​space.​ ​As​ ​a​ ​library​ ​functions​ ​throughout the​ ​day​ ​till​ ​night,​ ​the​ ​changes​ ​in​ ​the​ ​direction​ ​of​ ​the​ ​sun​ ​in​ ​the​ ​planning​ ​of​ ​correct lightning​ ​is​ ​crucial​ ​to​ ​ensure​ ​the​ ​efficiency​ ​of​ ​the​ ​library. 1.1​ ​Design​ ​Statement The​ ​concept​ ​of​ ​the​ ​library​ ​is​ ​to​ ​aim​ ​recreating​ ​the​ ​familiarity​ ​of​ ​the​ ​social​ ​community between​ ​the​ ​locals​ ​and​ ​foreigner​ ​through​ ​creating​ ​a​ ​3rd​ ​language​ ​library​ ​to encourage​ ​the​ ​interactions​ ​between​ ​them.​ ​The​ ​segregation​ ​of​ ​these​ ​community​ ​has resulted​ ​the​ ​form​ ​of​ ​pocket​ ​spaces​ ​in​ ​the​ ​square,​ ​the​ ​local​ ​community​ ​started​ ​to distance​ ​themselves​ ​from​ ​this​ ​square​ ​as​ ​it​ ​used​ ​by​ ​the​ ​foreigner​ ​most​ ​of​ ​the​ ​time. This​ ​library​ ​serves​ ​as​ ​a​ ​social​ ​platform​ ​to​ ​these​ ​diverse​ ​community​ ​and​ ​provides skills​ ​and​ ​reading​ ​space​ ​for​ ​them​ ​to​ ​interact.​ ​A​ ​the​ ​same​ ​time​ ​to​ ​understand​ ​each other​ ​culture​ ​through​ ​observe,​ ​understand​ ​and​ ​engage. Figure​ ​1.1.1​ ​Sun​ ​path​ ​over​ ​the​ ​site​ ​context​ ​for​ ​maximum​ ​daylight​ ​pass​ ​through​ ​the​ ​space.
  • 3. Figure​ ​1.1.2​ ​Daylight​ ​during​ ​9a.m.​ ​Light​ ​penetrate​ ​through​ ​the​ ​east​ ​facade​ ​in​ ​the​ ​morning​ ​is​ ​being blocked​ ​by​ ​the​ ​high​ ​rise​ ​building​ ​behind​. Figure​ ​1.1.3​ ​Daylight​ ​during​ ​1p.m.​ ​Received​ ​most​ ​of​ ​the​ ​natural​ ​lights​ ​during​ ​the​ ​day. Figure​ ​1.1.4​ ​​ ​Daylight​ ​during​ ​6p.m.​ ​​ ​The​ ​evening​ ​sun​ ​now​ ​penetrates​ ​through​ ​the​ ​library​ ​from​ ​the front.​ ​This​ ​could​ ​be​ ​solved​ ​by​ ​having​ ​a​ ​perforated​ ​aluminium​ ​facade​ ​so​ ​that​ ​the​ ​space​ ​can​ ​be convertible.
  • 4. 3.0​ ​Space​ ​A​ ​:​ ​Language​ ​Collection​ ​(Daylightning) The​ ​language​ ​collection​ ​is​ ​located​ ​on​ ​the​ ​first​ ​floor​ ​which​ ​is​ ​facing​ ​to​ ​the​ ​west​ ​side. During​ ​daytime,​ ​the​ ​natural​ ​light​ ​enters​ ​the​ ​space​ ​through​ ​the​ ​large​ ​curtain​ ​wall​ ​but there​ ​is​ ​not​ ​much​ ​light​ ​coming​ ​from​ ​the​ ​east​ ​side​ ​since​ ​is​ ​being​ ​blocked​ ​by​ ​the​ ​high rise​ ​behind.​ ​Illuminance​ ​condition​ ​is​ ​fairly​ ​suitable​ ​for​ ​viewing​ ​and​ ​reading​ ​but​ ​some shading​ ​device​ ​need​ ​to​ ​be​ ​added​ ​for​ ​better​ ​thermal​ ​comfort. First​ ​Floor​ ​Plan
  • 5. 3.1​ ​Light​ ​contours Figure​ ​3.1.1​ ​Daylight​ ​contours​ ​of​ ​the​ ​language​ ​collection The​ ​light​ ​contour​ ​diagrams​ ​show​ ​daylight​ ​entering​ ​the​ ​main​ ​collection​ ​area​ ​from​ ​the exposed​ ​facade​ ​and​ ​it​ ​gradually​ ​lowers​ ​as​ ​it​ ​reaches​ ​towards​ ​the​ ​back​ ​end​ ​of​ ​space. However,​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​facing​ ​the​ ​west​ ​side​ ​the​ ​interior​ ​space​ ​will​ ​received​ ​lesser daylight​ ​during​ ​the​ ​morning.​ ​Therefore,​ ​supplementary​ ​artificial​ ​lighting​ ​should​ ​be implemented​ ​to​ ​ensure​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​well​ ​illuminated​ ​throughout​ ​the​ ​day. Figure​ ​3.1.2​ ​Section​ ​of​ ​the​ ​space
  • 6. 3.2​ ​Daylight​ ​Calculation Daylight​ ​Factor​ ​is​ ​defined​ ​as​ ​the​ ​ratio​ ​that​ ​represents​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​illumination available​ ​indoors​ ​relative​ ​to​ ​the​ ​illumination​ ​present​ ​outdoors​ ​at​ ​the​ ​same​ ​time​ ​under overcast​ ​sky.​ ​Below​ ​is​ ​the​ ​formula​ ​shown​ ​: Daylight​ ​Factor.​ ​DF​ ​=​​ ​ ​ ​x​ ​​100% Ei Eo where,​ ​Ei​ ​=​ ​Indoor​ ​illuminance ​ ​​ ​Eo​ ​=​ ​Outdoor​ ​illuminance Average​ ​Daylight​ ​Factor​ ​is​ ​calculated​ ​using​ ​the​ ​formula​ ​shown​ ​below: Average​ ​DF​ ​= x​ ​A W Tθ (1−R) where,​ ​W​ ​is​ ​the​ ​area​ ​of​ ​the​ ​window​ ​(​m²) ​ ​​ ​A​ ​is​ ​the​ ​total​ ​area​ ​of​ ​the​ ​internal​ ​surface​ ​(m²) ​ ​​ ​T​ ​is​ ​the​ ​glass​ ​transmittance​ ​corrected​ ​for​ ​dirt ​ ​​ ​​Θ​ ​is​ ​visible​ ​sky​ ​angle​ ​in​ ​degrees​ ​from​ ​the​ ​centre​ ​of​ ​the​ ​window ​ ​​ ​R​ ​is​ ​the​ ​average​ ​reflectance​ ​of​ ​area​ ​A Zone DF​ ​% Distribution Very​ ​bright ​ ​More​ ​than​ ​6 Large​ ​(involved​ ​thermal and​ ​glare​ ​problem Bright 3-6 Good Average 1-3 Fair Dark 0-1 Poor
  • 7. Space​ ​A​ ​:​ ​Daylight​ ​calculation (Assuming​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​rectangle​ ​for​ ​calculation) Area​ ​of​ ​window​ ​=​ ​6​ ​*​ ​3.5 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​21​ ​m² Total​ ​area​ ​of​ ​internal​ ​surfaces​ ​=​ ​2(10*8.5)​ ​+​ ​2​ ​(10​ ​*​ ​3.5)​ ​+​ ​2​ ​(8.5*​ ​3.5) ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​170​ ​+​ ​70​ ​+​ ​59.5 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​299.5​ ​m² Glass​ ​transmittance​ ​=​ ​0.6​ ​(double​ ​glazed) Reflectance​ ​of​ ​surfaces​ ​=​ ​0.5 Visible​ ​sky​ ​angle​ ​in​ ​degrees​ ​from​ ​the​ ​centre​ ​of​ ​the​ ​window,​ ​​θ​ ​=​ ​60​° Average​ ​daylight​ ​factor,​ ​DF​ ​=​ ​ x​ ​A W Tθ (1−R) =​ ​ x​ ​21 299.5 0.6(60) (1−0.5) =​ ​5.04​ ​% Daylight​ ​Factor​ ​(DF)​ ​=​ ​ ​ ​x​ ​​100% Ei Eo 5.04​ ​=​ ​ ​ ​x​ ​​100% Ei 20000 Ei​ ​=​ ​1008​ ​lux The​ ​selected​ ​space​ ​has​ ​a​ ​daylight​ ​factor​ ​of​ ​5.04%​ ​which​ ​is​ ​considered​ ​good​ ​and bright​ ​daylight​ ​distributions​ ​of​ ​light​ ​due​ ​to​ ​the​ ​curtain​ ​walls​ ​that​ ​facing​ ​towards​ ​the front​ ​facade​ ​that​ ​provide​ ​natural​ ​light​ ​penetrates​ ​the​ ​interior​ ​for​ ​better​ ​reading comfort.
  • 8. 3.3​ ​Type​ ​of​ ​lamp​ ​to​ ​be​ ​used Round​ ​Downlight​ ​Lightning​ ​fixtures Downlight​ ​is​ ​the​ ​most​ ​versatile​ ​sources​ ​of​ ​light​ ​for​ ​residential​ ​and​ ​commercial buildings,​ ​it​ ​offer​ ​a​ ​layer​ ​of​ ​general​ ​lightning​ ​that​ ​seamlessly​ ​blends​ ​into​ ​any​ ​space. Advantages 1.​ ​Illumination​ ​only,​ ​no​ ​fixtures​ ​visible Downlight​ ​has​ ​the​ ​ability​ ​to​ ​hide​ ​or​ ​shrink​ ​into​ ​the​ ​ceiling​ ​is​ ​its​ ​strongest​ ​point.​ ​It​ ​give off​ ​a​ ​soft​ ​subtle​ ​glow,​ ​which​ ​blurs​ ​the​ ​boundaries​ ​of​ ​the​ ​room​ ​and​ ​the​ ​space​ ​appears larger. 2.​ ​Versatile​ ​and​ ​Efficient Work​ ​more​ ​efficiently​ ​without​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​obtrusive​ ​light​ ​fixtures.​ ​Provide​ ​dimming effects​ ​that​ ​are​ ​easy​ ​to​ ​control. 3.​ ​Accent Create​ ​a​ ​soft​ ​glow​ ​coming​ ​out​ ​from​ ​the​ ​sides​ ​of​ ​objects,​ ​causing​ ​the​ ​object​ ​to​ ​draw your​ ​eye​ ​to​ ​it​ ​naturally.​ ​It​ ​can​ ​be​ ​adjusted​ ​to​ ​provide​ ​either​ ​pleasant​ ​ambient​ ​lightning or​ ​accent​ ​as​ ​circumstances​ ​require. Disadvantages 1.​ ​High​ ​cost The​ ​cost​ ​of​ ​bulbs​ ​and​ ​installation​ ​of​ ​downlight​ ​may​ ​be​ ​more​ ​expensive​ ​than​ ​a traditional​ ​light​ ​fixtures.​ ​Also,​ ​it​ ​need​ ​many​ ​of​ ​them​ ​to​ ​cover​ ​a​ ​room. 2.​ ​Safety An​ ​Insulation​ ​Contact​ ​(IC)​ ​rated​ ​light​ ​will​ ​not​ ​be​ ​safety​ ​risk​ ​but​ ​light​ ​that​ ​are​ ​not​ ​IC rated​ ​may​ ​create​ ​heat,​ ​which​ ​can​ ​leads​ ​to​ ​fires.
  • 9. 3.4​ ​Lumen​ ​Method​ ​Calculations (Assuming​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​rectangle​ ​for​ ​calculation) The​ ​sun​ ​shines​ ​in​ ​the​ ​morning​ ​from​ ​the​ ​east​ ​will​ ​be​ ​positioned​ ​behind​ ​the​ ​building. The​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​natural​ ​light​ ​passes​ ​through​ ​the​ ​space​ ​would​ ​be​ ​inadequate​ ​enough to​ ​do​ ​any​ ​activities.​ ​Hence,​ ​LED​ ​downlight​ ​are​ ​needed​ ​to​ ​brighten​ ​up​ ​the​ ​language collection. Type​ ​of​ ​fixtures LED​ ​Round​ ​Downlight Image​ ​of​ ​fixtures Product​ ​Dimension 215mm Type​ ​of​ ​Luminous Warm​ ​White Luminous​ ​flux​ ​(lm) 2000 Power​ ​(W) 29 Colour​ ​Temperature​ ​(K) 3000 Colour​ ​Rendering​ ​Index 97 Average​ ​life​ ​rate​ ​(hours) 50000
  • 10. Dimension​ ​of​ ​room​ ​(m) L=​ ​10m W=8.5m Total​ ​Floor​ ​Area​ ​(m²) 85 Height​ ​of​ ​Ceiling​ ​(m) 3.5 Type​ ​of​ ​Luminaries LED​ ​round​ ​downlight Luminous​ ​Flux​ ​of​ ​lightning​ ​(lm),​ ​F 2000 Height​ ​of​ ​Lumiere(m) 3.0 Height​ ​of​ ​Workplane(m) 0.65 Mounting​ ​Height,​ ​Hm​ ​(m) 3.0​ ​-​ ​0.65​ ​=​ ​2.35 Reflectance​ ​Factor Ceiling​ ​(Concrete)​ ​0.7 Wall​ ​(White​ ​painted​ ​wall)​ ​0.5 Floor​ ​(Hardwood)​ ​0.1 Room​ ​Index,​ ​​ ​RI​ ​(K) L x W Hm x (L+W) =​ ​ 10 x 8.5 2.35 x (10+8.5) =​​ ​ 85 43.475 =​ ​1.955​ ​K Utilization​ ​Factor,​ ​UF 0.59​ ​(Based​ ​on​ ​UF​ ​table) Maintenance​ ​Factor,​ ​MF 0.8​ ​(standard) Number​ ​of​ ​fittings​ ​required,​ ​N N​ ​= E x A F x UF x MF N​ ​= 400 x 85 2000 x 0.59 x 0.8 ​ ​​ ​​​ ​=​ ​ 944 34000 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​36.01 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​36​ ​lamps Lightning​ ​layout​ ​and​ ​spacing Smax​ ​=​ ​1.0​ ​x​ ​Hm 1.0​ ​x​ ​Hm =​ ​1.0​ ​x​ ​2.35 =​ ​2.35​ ​m
  • 11. 3.5​ ​Lightning​ ​Design​ ​Proposal Figure​ ​3.5.1​ ​Reflected​ ​Ceiling​ ​Plan​ ​of​ ​Language​ ​Collection Based​ ​on​ ​the​ ​Lumen​ ​Method​ ​calculation​ ​for​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​fittings​ ​required​ ​(36 lamps)​ ​and​ ​the​ ​lightning​ ​spacing​ ​(max​ ​2.35m​ ​apart)​ ​determined,​ ​the​ ​fitting​ ​layout​ ​is shown​ ​through​ ​the​ ​reflected​ ​ceiling​ ​plan​ ​above.​ ​36​ ​lamps​ ​are​ ​placed​ ​in​ ​6​ ​rows​ ​of fittings​ ​each.​ ​The​ ​diagrams​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​spacing​ ​between​ ​each​ ​lamp​ ​both​ ​horizontally and​ ​vertically,​ ​which​ ​does​ ​not​ ​exceed​ ​the​ ​spacing​ ​of​ ​2.35m.​ ​The​ ​light​ ​fittings​ ​are controlled​ ​by​ ​3​ ​switch,​ ​where​ ​each​ ​switch​ ​controlling​ ​2​ ​rows​ ​of​ ​light​ ​to​ ​fulfilled​ ​PSALI scheme. Figure​ ​3.5.2​ ​Artificial​ ​Light​ ​Contour​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Language​ ​Collection
  • 12. Psali​ ​Scheme The​ ​language​ ​corner,​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​well​ ​illuminated​ ​by​ ​daylight.​ ​However,​ ​daylight​ ​in the​ ​space​ ​will​ ​gradually​ ​reduce​ ​as​ ​the​ ​day​ ​progresses,​ ​where​ ​the​ ​sun​ ​moves​ ​and​ ​so PSALI​ ​is​ ​implemented​ ​here​ ​to​ ​ensure​ ​constant​ ​sufficient​ ​illumination​ ​of​ ​space. During​ ​the​ ​brightest​ ​portions​ ​of​ ​the​ ​day​ ​(when​ ​daylight​ ​factor​ ​is​ ​high),​ ​only​ ​row​ ​1​ ​&​ ​2 needs​ ​to​ ​be​ ​on​ ​where​ ​the​ ​inner​ ​part​ ​of​ ​space​ ​does​ ​not​ ​received​ ​sufficient​ ​daylight. When​ ​the​ ​daylight​ ​level​ ​drops​ ​(lower​ ​daylight​ ​factor),​ ​row​ ​3​ ​&​ ​6​ ​can​ ​be​ ​turned​ ​on. Only​ ​at​ ​night​ ​or​ ​very​ ​dark​ ​days,​ ​it​ ​will​ ​be​ ​necessary​ ​to​ ​on​ ​all​ ​switches​ ​as​ ​the language​ ​collection​ ​is​ ​solely​ ​dependent​ ​on​ ​artificial​ ​lightning​ ​for​ ​illumination. Figure​ ​3.5.3​ ​Psali​ ​strategy Figure​ ​3.5.4​ ​When​ ​row​ ​1​ ​and​ ​2​ ​is​ ​on​ ​during​ ​afternoon
  • 13. 4.0​ ​Space​ ​B​ ​Classroom​ ​(Artificial​ ​Lightning) The​ ​classroom​ ​is​ ​located​ ​on​ ​the​ ​second​ ​floor,​ ​where​ ​its​ ​space​ ​faces​ ​back​ ​alley​ ​on the​ ​East​ ​which​ ​the​ ​sunlight​ ​is​ ​being​ ​blocked​ ​by​ ​the​ ​high​ ​rise.​ ​The​ ​space​ ​is​ ​made​ ​of curtain​ ​walls​ ​on​ ​the​ ​east​ ​side​ ​and​ ​have​ ​a​ ​window​ ​on​ ​the​ ​opposite.​ ​On​ ​the​ ​west​ ​side of​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​an​ ​atrium​ ​which​ ​brings​ ​light​ ​into​ ​the​ ​space. Second​ ​Floor​ ​Plan
  • 14. 4.1​ ​Light​ ​Contours Figure​ ​4.1.1​ ​Daylight​ ​contour​ ​of​ ​classroom Figure​ ​4.1.2​ ​Section​ ​of​ ​the​ ​space
  • 15. 4.2​ ​Daylight​ ​Calculations Space​ ​B (Assuming​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​rectangle​ ​for​ ​calculation) Area​ ​of​ ​window​ ​=​ ​2​ ​*​ ​1.5​ ​+​ ​7.4​ ​*​ ​3.5 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​​ ​28.9​ ​m² Total​ ​area​ ​of​ ​internal​ ​surfaces​ ​=​ ​2(7.5​ ​*​ ​4.5)​ ​+​ ​2​ ​(4.5​ ​*​ ​3.5)​ ​+​ ​2​ ​(7.5*​ ​3.5) ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​67.5​ ​+​ ​31.5​ ​+​ ​52.5 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​151.5​ ​m² Glass​ ​transmittance​ ​=​ ​0.6​ ​(double​ ​glazed) Reflectance​ ​of​ ​surfaces​ ​=​ ​0.5 Visible​ ​sky​ ​angle​ ​in​ ​degrees​ ​from​ ​the​ ​centre​ ​of​ ​the​ ​window,​ ​​θ​ ​=​ ​18​° Average​ ​daylight​ ​factor,​ ​DF​ ​=​ ​ x​ ​A W Tθ (1−R) =​ ​ x​ ​28.9 151.5 0.6(18) (1−0.5) =​ ​4.12​ ​% Daylight​ ​Factor​ ​(DF)​ ​=​ ​ ​ ​x​ ​​100% Ei Eo 4.12​ ​=​ ​ ​ ​x​ ​​100% Ei 20000 Ei​ ​=​ ​824​ ​lux The​ ​selected​ ​space​ ​has​ ​a​ ​daylight​ ​factor​ ​of​ ​4.12%​ ​which​ ​is​ ​considered​ ​good​ ​and bright​ ​daylight​ ​distributions​ ​of​ ​light​ ​due​ ​to​ ​the​ ​high​ ​rise​ ​behind​ ​has​ ​block​ ​the​ ​direct sunlight​ ​and​ ​the​ ​atrium​ ​allow​ ​indirectly​ ​sunlight​ ​which​ ​subtly​ ​bounces​ ​into​ ​the​ ​space to​ ​reduce​ ​glare​ ​that​ ​would​ ​cause​ ​discomfort.
  • 16. 4.3​ ​Type​ ​of​ ​lamp​ ​used Suspended​ ​Direct​ ​-​ ​Indirect​ ​Fluorescent​ ​Luminaire Advantages 1.​ ​Light​ ​distributes​ ​nearly​ ​equal​ ​up​ ​and​ ​down 2.​ ​Soft​ ​ambient​ ​backlight​ ​can​ ​balance​ ​fixtures​ ​brightness 3.​ ​Heat​ ​radiations​ ​are​ ​negligible 4.​ ​Long​ ​life​ ​of​ ​tubes Disadvantages 1.​ ​​The​ ​flicker​ ​of​ ​the​ ​high​ ​frequency​ ​can​ ​be​ ​imitated​ ​to​ ​humans 2.​ ​Poorly​ ​designed​ ​ballasts​ ​can​ ​create​ ​radio​ ​interference​ ​that​ ​disturbs​ ​other electronics
  • 17. 4.4​ ​Lumen​ ​Method​ ​Calculations (Assuming​ ​the​ ​space​ ​is​ ​rectangle​ ​for​ ​calculation) The​ ​sun​ ​shines​ ​in​ ​the​ ​morning​ ​from​ ​the​ ​east​ ​being​ ​blocked​ ​by​ ​the​ ​building.​ ​The amount​ ​of​ ​natural​ ​light​ ​passes​ ​through​ ​the​ ​space​ ​from​ ​the​ ​atrium​ ​would​ ​be inadequate​ ​to​ ​do​ ​any​ ​activities.​ ​Hence,​ ​fluorescent​ ​lights​ ​are​ ​sufficient​ ​to​ ​brighten​ ​up the​ ​small​ ​classroom Type​ ​of​ ​fixtures Suspended​ ​Direct-​ ​Indirect​ ​Fluorescent Luminaire Image​ ​of​ ​fixtures Product​ ​Dimension 150mm​ ​x​ ​1500mm Type​ ​of​ ​Luminous Cool​ ​White Luminous​ ​flux​ ​(lm) 5000 Power​ ​(W) 36 Colour​ ​Temperature​ ​(K) 6000 Colour​ ​Rendering​ ​Index 82 Average​ ​life​ ​rate​ ​(hours) 70000
  • 18. Dimension​ ​of​ ​room​ ​(m) L=​ ​7.5m W=4.2m Total​ ​Floor​ ​Area​ ​(m²) 31.5 Height​ ​of​ ​Ceiling​ ​(m) 3.5 Type​ ​of​ ​Luminaries Suspended​ ​Linear​ ​Fluorescent Luminous​ ​Flux​ ​of​ ​lightning​ ​(lm),​ ​F 5000 Height​ ​of​ ​Lumiere(m) 3.2 Height​ ​of​ ​Workplane(m) 0.8 Mounting​ ​Height,​ ​Hm​ ​(m) 3.2-0.8​ ​=​ ​2.4 Reflectance​ ​Factor Ceiling​ ​(Concrete)​ ​0.7 Wall​ ​(White​ ​painted​ ​wall)​ ​0.5 Floor​ ​(Hardwood)​ ​0.1 Room​ ​Index,​ ​​ ​RI​ ​(K) L x W Hm x (L+W) =​ ​ 7.5 x 4.2 2.4 x (7.5+4.2) =​​ ​ 31.5 28.08 =​ ​1.122​ ​K Utilization​ ​Factor,​ ​UF 0.51​ ​(Based​ ​on​ ​UF​ ​table) Maintenance​ ​Factor,​ ​MF 0.8​ ​(standard) Number​ ​of​ ​fittings​ ​required,​ ​N N​ ​= E x A F x UF x MF N​ ​= 400 x 31.5 5000 x 0.51 x 0.8 ​ ​​ ​​​ ​=​ ​ 2040 126000 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​6.176 ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​=​ ​6​ ​lamps Lightning​ ​layout​ ​and​ ​spacing Smax​ ​=​ ​1.0​ ​x​ ​Hm 1.5​ ​x​ ​Hm =​ ​1.5​ ​x​ ​2.4 =​ ​3.6​ ​m
  • 19. 4.5​ ​Light​ ​Design​ ​Proposal Figure​ ​4.4.1​ ​Reflected​ ​ceiling​ ​of​ ​classroom Based​ ​on​ ​the​ ​Lumen​ ​Method​ ​calculation​ ​for​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​fittings​ ​required​ ​(9​ ​lamps) and​ ​the​ ​lightning​ ​spacing​ ​(max​ ​3.6m​ ​apart)​ ​determined,​ ​the​ ​fitting​ ​layout​ ​is​ ​shown through​ ​the​ ​reflected​ ​ceiling​ ​plan​ ​above.​ ​6​ ​lamps​ ​are​ ​placed​ ​in​ ​2​ ​rows​ ​of​ ​3​ ​fittings each.​ ​The​ ​diagrams​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​spacing​ ​between​ ​each​ ​lamp​ ​both​ ​horizontally​ ​and vertically,​ ​which​ ​does​ ​not​ ​exceed​ ​the​ ​spacing​ ​of​ ​3.6m​ ​also​ ​bearing​ ​that​ ​the​ ​length fixtures​ ​is​ ​1.5m​ ​long.​ ​The​ ​light​ ​fittings​ ​are​ ​controlled​ ​by​ ​2​ ​switch,​ ​where​ ​each​ ​switch controlling​ ​1​ ​rows​ ​of​ ​light.​ ​All​ ​switches​ ​are​ ​turned​ ​on​ ​where​ ​illumination​ ​is​ ​necessary. Figure​ ​4.4.2​ ​Artificial​ ​light​ ​contour​ ​of​ ​classrooms Proper​ ​layout​ ​is​ ​determined​ ​through​ ​lumen​ ​method​ ​calculation,​ ​where​ ​the​ ​fixture’s positions​ ​are​ ​determined.​ ​The​ ​result​ ​of​ ​the​ ​entire​ ​space​ ​need​ ​to​ ​well​ ​illuminated​ ​with the​ ​presence​ ​of​ ​artificial​ ​lightning.​ ​The​ ​PSALI​ ​scheme​ ​here​ ​is​ ​to​ ​light​ ​on​ ​either​ ​the inner​ ​row​ ​where​ ​does​ ​not​ ​received​ ​natural​ ​light​ ​most​ ​of​ ​the​ ​time​ ​or​ ​both​ ​during​ ​the dark.
  • 20. 5.0​ ​References Materials​ ​-​ ​Light​ ​Reflecting​ ​Factors.​ ​(n.d.).​ ​Retrieved​ ​December​ ​9,​ ​2017,​ ​from https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-material-reflecting-factor-d_1842.html W.​ ​L.​ ​(2017,​ ​March​ ​3).​ ​This​ ​Ceiling​ ​Light​ ​Is​ ​Sleek​ ​and​ ​Hidden,​ ​But​ ​It's​ ​Far​ ​From​ ​Perfect. Retrieved​ ​December​ ​10,​ ​2017,​ ​from https://www.thespruce.com/recessed-lighting-pros-and-cons-1821552 Agarwal,​ ​T.​ ​(2016,​ ​August​ ​02).​ ​Fluorescent​ ​Light​ ​Tubes​ ​Advantages​ ​and​ ​Disadvantage. Retrieved​ ​December​ ​10,​ ​2017,​ ​from http://www.efxkits.com/blog/smart-fluorescent-antenna-for-wi-fi-applications/ Philips​ ​Lighting.​ ​(n.d.).​ ​Retrieved​ ​December​ ​10,​ ​2017,​ ​from http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires/suspended/trueline-suspended/9 10504112903_EU/product