Fundamentals of Computer
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The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. It provides details on the key hardware technologies, software technologies, and characteristics of each generation. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large, unreliable, and costly. The second generation introduced transistors, magnetic storage, and batch operating systems. The third generation saw the rise of integrated circuits, timesharing operating systems, and standard programming languages. The fourth generation brought microprocessors, PCs, networks, and GUIs. The fifth generation includes powerful desktops, notebooks, servers, supercomputers, and technologies like the internet, multimedia, and Java.
Fundamentals of Computer
- 2. Learning Objectives In this chapter you will learn about: 2 • Computer • Computer Generations • Characteristics features of each computer generation • Factors affecting processing speed of a computer
- 3. Computer The word computer comes from the word “compute”, which means, “to calculate” • Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that can perform arithmetic operations at high speed • A computer is also called a data processor because it can• store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired 3
- 4. Computer Generations “Generation” in computer talk is a step in technology. It• provides a framework for the growth of computer industry Originally it was used to distinguish between various• hardware technologies, but now it has been extended include both hardware and software to Till today, there are five computer generations• (Continued on next slide) 4
- 5. Computer Generations • Generation 1 (1942 – 55) Vacuum tubes and plugboards • Generation 2 (1955 – 64) Transistors and batch systems • Generation 3 (1964 – 75) ICs and multiprogramming • Generation 4 (1975 – 1989) Personal computers • Generation 5 (1989 - present) Supercomputers Operating System Concepts
- 6. Computer Generations (Continued from previous slide..) representative • EDSAC • IBM 701 production • CDC 1604 was still difficult and (Continued on next slide) Generation (Period) Key hardware technologies Key software technologies Key characteristics Some systems First (1942-1955) • Vacuum tubes • Electromagnetic relay memory • Punched cards secondary storage • Machine and assembly languages • Stored program concept • Mostly scientific applications • Bulky in size • Highly unreliable • Limited commercial use and costly • Difficult commercial • Difficult to use • ENIAC • EDVAC • UNIVAC I Second (1955-1964) • Transistors • Magnetic cores memory • Magnetic tapes • Disks for secondary storage • Batch operating system • High-level programming languages • Scientific and commercial applications • Faster, smaller, more reliable and easier to program than previous generation systems • Commercial production costly • Honeywell 400 • IBM 7030 • UNIVAC LARC 6
- 7. Computer Generations (Continued from previous slide..) • PDP-11 upgrade than systems line applications (Continued on next slide) Generation (Period) Key hardware technologies Key software technologies Key characteristics Some rep. systems Third (1964-1975) • ICs with SSI and MSI technologies • Larger magnetic cores memory • Larger capacity disks and magnetic tapes secondary storage • Minicomputers; upward compatible family of computers • Timesharing operating system • Standardization of high-level programming languages • Unbundling of software from hardware • Faster, smaller, more reliable, easier and cheaper to produce • Commercially, easier to use, and easier to previous generation • Scientific, commercial and interactive on- • IBM 360/370 • PDP-8 • CDC 6600 7
- 8. Computer Generations (Continued from previous slide..) • Apple II • VAX 9000 • CRAY-2 • Easier to produce • Easier to upgrade development (Continued on next slide) Generation (Period) Key hardware Technologies Key software technologies Key characteristics Some rep. systems Fourth (1975-1989) • ICs with VLSI technology • Microprocessors; semiconductor memory • Larger capacity hard disks as in-built secondary storage • Magnetic tapes and floppy disks as portable storage media • Personal computers • Supercomputers based on parallel vector processing and symmetric multiprocessing technologies • Spread of high-speed computer networks • Operating systems for PCs with GUI and multiple windows on a single terminal screen • Multiprocessing OS with concurrent programming languages • UNIX operating system with C programming language • Object-oriented design and programming • PC, Network-based, and supercomputing applications • Small, affordable, reliable, and easy to use PCs • More powerful and reliable mainframe systems and supercomputers • Totally general purpose machines commercially • Rapid software possible • IBM PC and its clones • TRS-80 • CRAY-1 • CRAY-X/MP 8
- 9. Computer Generations (Continued from previous slide..) • SUN • IBM SP/2 supercomputers hot-pluggable • Totally general • Easier to produce easier to upgrade Generation (Period) Key hardware technologies Key software technologies Key characteristics Some rep. systems Fifth (1989- Present) • ICs with ULSI technology • Larger capacity main memory, hard disks with RAID support • Optical disks as portable read-only storage media • Notebooks, powerful desktop PCs and workstations • Powerful servers, supercomputers • Internet • Cluster computing • Micro-kernel based, multithreading, distributed OS • Parallel programming libraries like MPI & PVM • JAVA • World Wide Web • Multimedia, Internet applications • More complex supercomputing applications • Portable computers • Powerful, cheaper, reliable, and easier to use desktop machines • Powerful • High uptime due to components purpose machines commercially, • Rapid software development possible • IBM notebooks • Pentium PCs Workstations • SGI Origin 2000 • PARAM 10000 9
- 10. Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different Generations (a) A Vacuum Tube (b) A Transistor (c) An IC Chip 10
- 11. Factors affecting Processing Speed 11 • Processor • Cache Memory(KB/MB) • Registers(KB) • RAM(MB/GB) • Hard Drive (GB/TB) • Mother Board